How could polytheistic civilizations of the past be content without a single all-powerful entity as the origin of all creation? Didn't they realize that their gods having personalities/limitations etc. meant that there was a higher power above them?

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The ones that were sophisticated enough to think about such things, did. They elevated one of their gods up to the top state. The god that the people that made up the ruling class worshipped, became that top god. The modern word for this is henotheism. You needed a city and an aristocracy and theref